Assess the Role of Faith in Supporting Religious Belief Essay

In 1877, William Kingdon Clifford propositioned in his book â€Å"Ethics and Belief† that belief in something without sufficient evidence is irrational. Whilst he accepted that in many beliefs there is often an epistemic gap between the evidence and the conclusion (inductive reasoning) he did also claim that â€Å"It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence.† Furthermore he claimed that that tolerating credulity (a tendency to believe readily) and superstition will damage ultimately society. He concurred with David Hume (1711-76) when he said â€Å"All wise men proportion their belief to the evidence.† This stance – that belief without sufficient evidence is irrational – is called evidentialism, and is adopted by many atheists (including Clifford and Hume) in their view of theology. However, natural theology instead attempts to meet evidentialism on its own terms by trying to show that belief in God is actually rational. It draws collectively upon all of the a posteriori arguments for God’s existence including the teleological, cosmological, moral and experiential arguments. However, it is rare that an atheist will be convinced by the evidence of these arguments anywhere beyond the point of agnosticism. It is generally accepted that belief in God requires some element of seemingly irrational faith. Indeed, the stance of fideism states that reason plays no part in belief. â€Å"Whoever attempts to demonstrate the existence of God†¦is an excellent subject for a comedy of higher lunacy.† – Soren Kierkegaard. Moderate fideists suggest that reason can actually be destructive to one’s faith. They claim that reason leads to arrogance by encouraging the idea that human reason alone will suffice and that God unnecessary for moral or spiritual direction. Whilst moderate theists view reason as a barrier to true faith however, (thus disregarding natural theology as irrelevant) extreme theists go so far as to agree with Tertullian when he said (AD 155-222) â€Å"Credo quia absurdum est.† or â€Å"I believe because it is absurd.† Aquinas (1225-74) claimed that there were two ways in which to know God. The first is through natural theology, including his five a posteriori proofs constructed by human reason. The second is through â€Å"revealed theology† which cannot be found by human reason alone, but must involve divine intervention or revelation. The acceptance of these revealed truths requires faith, and this is fundamental to the Christian religion. For example, only faith can reveal the truth behind the statement â€Å"God is the father, the son and the Holy Ghost† or that â€Å"the bread of communion is the body of Christ†. Thus revelation provides us with a body of truths, which must be taken on faith alone. Aquinas claims that faith is a combination of reason and opinion. It involves reason since it is propositional i.e. claims certain beliefs to be true and therefore similar to scientific knowledge. On the other hand these truths cannot be proved, and so involve an epistemic gap. It is this epistemic gap that makes faith a matter of opinion and so allows humanity free will over their belief. The stance that it is our choice whether or not to take a leap of faith was also held by Soren Kierkegaard (1812-1855). Alvin Plantinga (1932-) proposed that the classical foundationalism upon which evidentialism is based is flawed. Foundationalist beliefs are described by Plantinga as â€Å"the starting points for thought† and he summarises their definition as: â€Å"I am entitled to believe X without any evidence if and only if it is self-evident, incorrigible or certain to me in some way†. He argues that this is flawed, since this statement is itself neither self-evident, incorrigible nor is it certain in some way. It appears therefore that foundationalism defines itself as irrational. He also states that there are many beliefs that can be held rationally, but that do not fall under the foundationalist criteria or that can be justified contingently. For example, the trust we have in our memory, or the belief that other people have minds of their own. Plantinga argues that we must ultimately reject classical foundationalism on the grounds that it is incoherent, and also because it rejects many beliefs that common sense tells us to be properly basic. He propositions that his reformed epistemology should take the place of classical foundationalism, and because of this: â€Å"It is entirely right, rational, reasonable and proper to believe in God without any evidence at all.† A theist might claim that it just appears obvious to them that God exists, and for Plantinga this is good enough. However, surely this would mean that anything we like can be a properly basic belief? Could a child’s belief in Santa Clause not be defined as properly basic? Plantinga would respond by saying that it is the beliefs directly connected to God’s existence that are properly basic, rather than the belief in God’s existence itself. For example, the guilt felt after committing a bad deed or the sense that something must have cre ated and designed the universe. Blaisà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Pascal (1623-1662) deemed that it was reasonable to have faith in God by a sheer act of will, so certain was he that he put forward a wager: â€Å"Let us weigh the gain and loss in wagering that God is (exists)†¦If you gain, you gain all, if you lose, you lose nothing.† By this, he meant that the theist stands the chance of gaining entrance to heaven at the risk of nothing, whilst the atheist however risks damnation to hell. However, surely this basis of self-gain is at odds with the teachings of the Christian church? W.K.Clifford suggested that God would deny heaven to those who followed Pascal’s wager on the basis that faith should be founded upon trust and morality, not self gain. Pascal might have responded that true belief would arise from the habit of religion i.e. baptism, mass, prayer etc. However, this is contradicted somewhat by his opinion that one’s relationship with God should be somewhat deeper. â€Å"It is the heart which pe rceives God and not reason.† Furthermore, Pascal’s definition of faith appears to ignore the recognition of God’s immanence and His affect on our everyday lives. William James (1842-1910) found Pascal’s proposition that we can change our beliefs by an act of will entirely ridiculous. He claimed solidly that our beliefs are contingent i.e. each new belief is connected to the previous one. He does agree however that it is rational to sustain a belief even without sufficient evidence given certain circumstances. The first circumstance is where the evidence is indeterminate between two beliefs i.e. favours neither option. The second circumstance is if we are faced with a genuine option i.e. one that is living, forced and momentous. By living James means one that is a reality, as opposed to a dead option, that whilst theoretically possible, isn’t actually going to happen e.g. a devout Catholic supporting the gay pride movement. A forced option is one that cannot be avoided, e.g. choosing whether to go to school or to have a lie in when your alarm goes off at 7:30. A momentous option is one that is unique and irreversible e.g. joining the army – as opposed to a trivial option which is reversible and one that happens regularly throughout life. James states that it is therefore sometimes rational to believe in God without sufficient evidence if the choice is a genuine option. He disputes Pascal’s wager as necessarily being a genuine option as it is not necessarily forced (one could deny the possibility of going to hell) nor is it necessarily living (one might be a devout follower of a different religion). However, he does accept that for a person who perceives the evidence as indeterminate and is already open to belief in God, Pascal’s wager might succeed in tipping the scales and getting them to make that leap of faith. James does believe however that faith can in some instances be a genuine option, and a decision that involves seizing the opportunity and taking a risk. He states that when faced with a genuine option and without sufficient evidence, making a decision will then reveal the evidence to us. For example, one cannot be sure of a stranger’s kindness until they have decided to trust the stranger and give them a chance. Similarly, by making a leap of faith in God, the definitive truth will be later revealed by eschatological verification. However, natural theologians such as Aquinas would certainly dispute James’ claim that the evidence is indeterminate, for the cosmological, teleological, moral and experiential arguments – whilst inconclusive – can be extremely persuasive. Furthermore, like Pascal, he seems to ignore faith as an acceptation of God’s immanence and active presence in our lives. The version of faith held by Aquinas, Plantinga, Pascal and James is propositional in that they all claim that faith about believes in God’s objective existence. However, faith can also be seen existentially as an attitude incorporating God subjectively into the believer’s life. For instance, when I say â€Å"I believe that murder is wrong† or â€Å"I believe in free speech† I am not stating anything about existence, but rather about my commitment towards certain values. H.H.Price (1899-1985) claimed that the statement â€Å"I believe in God† is similar to this in that it is a way of perceiving the world using certain values. â€Å"to see oneself as a created, dependent creature, receiving life and well being from a higher source†¦the only appropriate attitude is one of grateful worship and obedience.† – John Hick. To conclude; each of the arguments examined above vary in their relationship with reason, but what they all have in common is that faith is central to the believer and must work independently of reason to some degree. Some of the arguments incorporate reason, some reject it entirely, but the transcendent nature of God can never be proved, can never be indubitable, for faith is an integral part of religion. Perhaps then natural theology is not trying to prove God’s existence to the point where faith is cast out and certainty resides in its place, but rather it is merely trying to explore God’s nature. â€Å"I do not seek to understand so that I may believe, but I believe in order to understand† – St. Anselm (1033-1109) Proslogian 1. Natural theology could therefore be seen as an expression of faith, rather than a foundation for it. The majority of theists argue that faith is necessary, for if God proved himself to us, we would no longer have free will over our belief and so would be robots without dignity. On the other hand, surely God in His omnipotence could find some way of maintaining our freedom whilst simultaneously providing us certainty of his love? Why not give certainty to the millions of His helpless and suffering children who have lost faith; for where is their dignity?

Career as Probation Officer

Career as Probation Officer Joseph P. Dupre Jr. Everest University Online Author’s Note Joseph P. Dupre, Introduction to Criminal Justice, Everest University Online Contact Email: [email  protected] com Becoming a Probation Officer How long have you known what you wanted to become when you grew up? Some people have had their minds made up about either what they wanted to become or study for a long time. I myself have just recently discovered my true calling in life; becoming a Probation Officer.For years, I have been trying to make my mind up about the career I wanted to pursue because I wanted to make sure I put my time into a field that I would be comfortable in and also do well in. The reason I believe that I would make a good Probation Officer is because I experienced a great deal of adversity in my life, and also grew up in an area that allowed me to gain great insight for a job like this.Probation Officers also make a good living and make a difference in their communit ies. Probation officers must have to have strong communication skills, because they will be working with offenders, judges, victims, their families, and many specialists. They must be prepared to handle high-stress situations, and must also be highly organized. Probation officers often write reports. That being said, they have to write a lot of reports and written documents (CriminalJusticeUSA. om, 2013). Probation Officers are in charge of monitoring convicted felons who are released from prison on probation or parole. They have a lot of duties that include: seeking treatment options, helping them find jobs, and monitoring their progress. They document the progress and conduct meetings to discuss different options for their probationers. Probation Officers act as mentors and guidance counselors to felons who are trying to get back on their feet.

Aristotle Biography Essay

Philosopher (c. 384 BCE–c. 322 BCE) Synopsis Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle was born circa 384 B.C. in Stagira, Greece. When he turned 17, he enrolled in Plato’s Academy. In 338, he began tutoring Alexander the Great. In 335, Aristotle founded his own school, the Lyceum, in Athens, where he spent most of the rest of his life studying, teaching and writing. Aristotle died in 322 B.C., after he left Athens and fled to Chalcis. Early Life Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle was born circa 384 B.C. in Stagira, a small town on the northern coast of Greece that was once a seaport. Aristotle’s father, Nicomachus, was court physician to the Macedonian king Amyntas II. Although Nicomachus died when Aristotle was just a young boy, Aristotle remained closely affiliated with and influenced by the Macedonian court for the rest of his life. Little is known about his mother, Phaestis; she is also believed to have died when Aristotle was young.After Aristotle’s father died, Proxenus of Atarneus, who was married to Aristotle’s older sister, Arimneste, became Aristotle’s guardian until he came of age. When Aristotle turned 17, Proxenus sent him to Athens to pursue a higher education. At the time, Athens was considered the academic center of the universe. In Athens, Aristotle enrolled in Plato’s Academy, Greek’s premier learning institution, and proved an exemplary scholar. Aristotle maintained a relationship with Greek philosopher Plato, himself a student of Socrates, and his academy for two decades. Plato died in 347 B.C. Because Aristotle had disagreed with some of Plato’s philosophical treatises, Aristotle did not inherit the position of director of the academy, as many imagined hewould.After Plato died, Aristotle’s friend Hermias, king of Atarneus and Assos in Mysia, invited Aristotle to court. During his three-year stay in Mysia, Aristotle met and married his first wifePythias, Hermias’ niece. Together, the couple had a daughter, Pythias, named after her mother. Teaching In 338 B.C., Aristotle went home to Macedonia to start tutoring King Phillip II’s son, the then 13-year-old Alexander the Great. Phillip and Alexander both held Aristotle in high esteem and ensured that the Macedonia court generously compensated him for his work. In 335 B.C., after Alexander had succeeded his father as king and conquered Athens, Aristotle went back to the city. In Athens, Plato’s Academy, now run by Xenocrates, was still the leading influence on Greek thought. With Alexander’s permission, Aristotle started his own school in Athens, called the Lyceum. On and off, Aristotle spent most of the remainder of his life working as a teacher, researcher and writer at the Lyceum in Athens. Because Aristotle was known to walk around the school grounds while teaching, his students, forced to follow him, were nicknamed the â€Å"Peripatetics,† meaning â€Å"people who travel about.† Lyceum members researched subjects ranging from science and math to philosophy and politics, and nearly everything in between. Art was also a popular area of interest. Members of the Lyceum wrote up their findings in manuscripts. In so doing, they built the school’s massive collection of written materials, which by ancient accounts was credited as one of the first great libraries. In the same year that Aristotle opened the Lyceum, his wife Pythias died. Soon after, Aristotle embarked on a romance with a woman named Herpyllis, who hailed from his hometown of Stagira. According to some historians, Herpyllis may have been Aristotle’s slave, granted to him by the Macedonia court. They presume that he eventually freed and married her. Regardless, it is known that Herpyllis bore Aristotle children, including one son named Nicomachus, after Aristotle’s father. Aristotle is believed to have named his famed philosophical work Nicomachean Ethics in tribute to his son. When Aristotle’s former student Alexander the Great died suddenly in 323 B.C., the pro-Macedonian government was overthrown, and in light of anti-Macedonia sentiment , Aristotle was charge with impiety. To avoid being prosecuted, he left Athens and fled to Chalcis on the island of Euboea, where he would remain until his death.

The British Mandate on Palestine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The British Mandate on Palestine - Research Paper Example An analysis of the British mandate of Palestine shows gross deception and disregard for the rule of law on the part of the British and their conduct in making promises. This is because the British made their promises prior to seeking the mandate over Palestine from the League of Nations creating a strong sense of discontentment from the parties involved except for France and Britain, who were the major gainers. The mandate, in its deceptive means, established a home for the Jewish people as it allowed the British to buy more land for the resettlement of the Jewish people returning from Europe. The land was only available in Palestine, where the British had the mandate in terms of colonial authority and the British showered the Jews with support as even the British government was in for them. In addition, in the establishment of the mandate, the British are shown to have had plenty of corruption, where Arab agents were used to drumming  up support for them. They were also used as se ntries to develop and establish borders for the British in their division of the land so that the region could be carved out, as was the agreement between them and the French. The British mandate for Palestine stands for deception and treachery against the Arabs and in favor of the Jews, whose fortunes were overturned due to the approval of the League of Nations for Britain to govern the region. The governance features of the British mandate for Palestine involves the major conflict that culminated from the deception of the British, where both Jews and Arabs believed that the British had promised Palestine to them. With this in mind, governing the lands was a difficult concept for the British as it resulted in war, where the Arabs enforced guerilla tactics to force out British forces. On the other hand, the British favored the Jews in many factors allowing governance on the Jewish part to flow smoothly as compared to the Arabs. In addition, due to the creation of a Jewish national homeland, there was the creation of a Jewish agency in Palestine to allow the Jews to administer the migration and their rule as independent people (â€Å"The Jerusalem Fund†).

PEST Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PEST - Assignment Example . The democratic political setting in the country and for its neighbours has an impact of peace and confidence that the system can assure to investors. The cost of business operations are largely determined by free economic forces of demand and supply, since democratic establishments do not interfere with market forces. Business is also favoured by the fact that extra costs incurred during political unrest occasioned by political instabilities are not a factor in the country. Government policies that directly influence business operations are targeted at making Singapore achieve a major stake in Asian economy. For instance, judicial system which may act as an indicator of investor security was ranked one of the best in Asia in 2008. A survey in the year placed Singapore ahead of major economies such as Japan and China. Heavy judicial penalties that include corporal punishment and death sentences are imposed on defaulters of established business practices, sending pleasant and protective signals to investors. However, Amnesty International and other human rights bodies have continually criticised these penalties. Information on taxation and foreigners’ ownership of property in Singapore is yet to be determined for a clearer political picture. Foreign policies adopted by Singapore have established cordial relations with the United Nations, Commonwealth as ASEAN movements. Business relations with almost the entire world are therefore facilitated in Singapore foreign relations framework. The strategic roles played by Singapore in international treaties and forums have enabled a good business environment to be established with its counterparts. A good example is the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, whose secretariat is located in Singapore position it at an important economic advantage. According to recent Government Monitor (2010), economic dip did not affect the

Web Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Web Policy - Essay Example Both, personal information and research data must be kept separate on the servers. Backup of website database is key requirements with a limited access (Penn State University, 2007). Unauthorized users are not allowed to explore the cookies of the website stored in the companies’ computers. Sometimes, authorized user leaves the system without logging off the websites and the next user can access the website information by using cookies. Companies requiring the advertising through online websites must follow the guidelines defined by the IRB. Advertising for the research project must indicate clearly the aims and potential benefits of the project. Advertising must be made before meeting the eligibility criteria (Penn State University, 2007). All websites will display the disclaimer link that identifies the sponsoring authority on the homepage, which will have consistent information on the homepage. Only the links of other sites will be obtained by their permission if someone requires the permission of other websites’ links. Domains of the website will use the .net, .com and .org until deputy secretary of defense specifies any other domain on request. Quality assurance of the websites will be maintained to address the requirements. Both Combatant Authority and ASD are responsible for internet-based activities. Cultural issues such as language should be taken seriously and synchronize the website materials and messages to counter the terrorism globally. Periodic review of the websites will be managed in order to keep the effectiveness of the website (U.S Department of Defense, 2010). Important data from surveys before displaying on the web pages needs the prior consent of the participants. Buttons like â€Å"I agree† or â€Å"I do not agree† for the survey participants should be included on the relevant page of the website. Consent of the participants can be received through other means such as emails or faxes. Research data provider need care in

Foundation of managing and organising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Foundation of managing and organising - Essay Example Both big and small decisions need to be made on a daily basis and the people in charge must always have the right capacity to make the right decisions (Heizer & Render, 2004). In the case of the Junction Hotel, it is realized that a number of economic challenges are presently facing the operations of the organization. According to the rational theory, people generally organize activities out of rational motives. Through the application of rational organization, it is seen that efficiency is increased since people are focused on achieving goals an objectives. In this case, costs are brought down as much as possible. In any case, there is no particular style of leadership that is best for all situations. Different situations and environments will normally call for different approaches. The ability to manage an organization effectively largely depends upon the experience and skills of the managers in addition to the type of environment prevailing within the organization. A good leader s hould have the ability to switch from one style of management to another depending on the people and the work in the organization. The role of management at the Junction Hotel basically covers most of the operations realized in conventional organizations. In modern organizations, managers usually influence all phases of the organization. ... In the basic sense, the role of managers involves directing the organization towards the realization of goals. All organizations usually have goals or objectives to accomplish and the managers must therefore use the resources within the organization to achieve these goals (Terry, 2011). In this regard, the hotel manager at Junction Hotel is not simply expected to manage the organization. Management has to find solutions, innovate and create opportunities within and outside the organization. In this respect, organizational managers should be well versed in all the core aspects relating to effective management. Many major organizational failures across the world are usually linked to some miscalculation on the part of the management. An organization is a collection of different people bearing different skills, ideas and behaviors. Managers should therefore harness and utilize this diversity to the benefit of the organization. All managers must have the focus of directing the organizati on towards the attainment of its objectives. The role of managers in contemporary organization usually revolves around three functional areas: interpersonal role, informational role and decisional role (Certo & Ross, 2007). Interpersonal role refers to the interaction of the manager with people within and outside the organization. In most cases, the duties of the manager are symbolic and ceremonial in a way. It therefore calls for effective interaction with all parties in the organization in order to create a harmonious working environment which is crucial for the success of an organization. For instance, manager should attend social functions and award certificates to the outstanding employees. In the same way, the manager should act as a leader

Skin cancer is an important health issue in Australia and is connected Research Paper

Skin cancer is an important health issue in Australia and is connected to the National Health Priority Area Cancer Control' - Research Paper Example e Sun smart 2013) gives figures of more than 434,000 Australian people being treated for one or more non-melanoma cancers every year and, in the case of melanomas, 11,500 people require treatment annually. According to Right Diagnosis (2014) skin cancer is recorded as the tenth most common cause of deaths from cancer within Australia. These cancers also account for roughly 80% of all newly diagnosed Australian cancers ( Cancer Council of Australia 2014). Despite advances made in recent years, skin cancers are still being caused as a result of skin damage by the sun, and so are preventable. There are three types of skin cancer, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, and of these the first , melanoma, is the most aggressive and dangerous ( University of Michigan Health System , 2013). As well as affecting many lives in negative ways , it also increase costs for the health services, as well as using up many resources, so adequate prevention is a positive intervention. In 1996 the first ever International Conference on Health Promotion, took place in Ottawa, Canada, on the 21st November ( WHO 2014). The conference advocated income, sustainable resources, peace, shelter, education, food, social justice, a stable eco-system and equity. The prevention of childhood skin cancers would fit into this, as prevention programmes must be available to all affected equally as an act of social justice. Income to pay for any strategy is needed , as is education on the topic, and the provision of sustainable resources, and even shelter from the sun’s rays. According to Slowik ( 2012) ultra violet rays (UV rays) are part of the section of sun light hidden to normal human view. Over exposure to UV rays can cause damage to DNA, the genetic material contained in the body’s cells. In the skin cells these genes control the ways in which skin cells grow and their health. Norby ( undated) refers to thyamine dimers which are a pair of adjacent

Cardiac Involvement in melanoma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cardiac Involvement in melanoma - Essay Example As it mainly affects the skin, it causes majority of skin cancer related deaths worldwide. At present, it is the sixth most common cancer in the United States, with the current lifetime risk for developing invasive melanoma is 1 case per 60 Americans, a 2000% increase since 1930. (Swetter, 2010). Cause of the disorder Melanoma is caused when the melanocytes are constantly exposed to sunlight, paving the way for Ultra-violet photons to strike the chromophore, a part of melanocyte. So, exposure to UV radiation clearly plays a role in melanoma. As people with history of sunburns, especially blistering sunburns during childhood or in teenage, are likely to show an augmented risk of developing melanoma. (aad.org). Another widely accepted caustic factor is genetics, with familial melanoma occurring mainly due to the chromosomes 1p, 9p and 12q. Having two or more close relatives who have had this disease is a risk factor. (medicinenet.com). Symptoms The symptoms of Melanoma, as mentioned ab ove, are any changes in the shape and color of the existing moles and also any new lump or lesions on the skin. The early symptoms of melanoma can be summarized by the mnemonic, â€Å"ABCD†. ‘A’ stands for Asymmetry and it means one half difference between the abnormal area and the other half.

Need of HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Need of HRM - Essay Example Need of HRM: It is studied over the years that the Industrial relations in countries and regions have come under the influence of various situations and players such as economic imperatives, political philosophers, the role played by state in determining the direction of economic and social development, the business communities and the unions, the role of the colonial governments and their legacies. The objectives of the labour welfare have been achieved via freedom of the unions, right to strike and collective bargaining. (Syrian Desilva) Industrial relations shall influence the employers and employers’ organizations, so as to make them aware of labor law, labor welfare and the industrial competitiveness. Many of the organizations in Asia-Pacific are poorly equipped with this type of knowledge which can make valuable change in their policy decisions. These facts suggest that the employers’ organizations has to develop planned Industrial relations in order to nurture th e growth of Human Resource Management (HRM) policies for augmenting the competitiveness. It becomes a matter of debate that in view of HRM policies whether the labour markets are to be deregulated or not. The objectives should be properly understood and legitimate areas of legal prescription are to be carefully identified. In the Industrial relations the efficiency of the labours plays a vital role. Inequality makes the labours inefficient.

Painting in the United Kingdom Essay Example for Free

Painting in the United Kingdom Essay To study painting is to study how to make the world beautiful with a variety of colours in different shades and hues. Painting has a relaxing effect that it tends to make all things drawn with a painter’s brush look alive with colours. It has been my fondest dream to be a painter someday, and my name be remembered, in some ways, with the likes of Raphael or Michelangelo, or Victor Hugo in the contemporary time. This interest pushed me to study the art of painting and to discover the world of colours; hence I enrolled and took a course majoring in painting. But not long after, I imagined that to excel in the art of painting one has to study and practice his skill within the world of painting itself. I found this world in Europe, specifically the United Kingdom. At the heart of Europe and on other places within it hang at its walls different masterpieces and works of art by master painters. The majority of these paintings can be found nowhere in the world but here. To study in the United Kingdom, one would feel as if the masters themselves are the ones teaching you due to the proximity of the country to the concentration of world-renowned paintings. One can surmise that painting schools here have an edge over other schools in the United States because of the fact that the former are already established and are years ahead than the latter, hence have acquired the experience needed to provide world-class painting lessons. Although great contemporary paintings can be found in the United States, there is a brush of mystery bordering on beauty that can be attributed to the paintings found in Europe that invites me to go there. This one adds up to my reasons why I like to study painting in the United Kingdom.

How The American Revolution Started Essay Example for Free

How The American Revolution Started Essay The American Revolution was the colonists breaking from monarchy and switching to Democracy. The outcome of the movement lead to the Declaration of independence, and then the creation of America. There are several reasons why the American Revolution began, here are a few. The sugar act, or the American Duties Act was passed in 1764 for the sole purpose to raise money for the French Indian war. The Act forced a tax of three cents on sugar that was shipped to the new colony. The act also placed tax on Molasses to stop merchants from smuggling it in. Of course the tax was placed onto the colony while they were in a state of financial depression. In response, the Merchants refused to buy luxury British imports, but the rebellion didn’t start until the Quartering act and the Stamp act began. The Quartering act was created in 1765. Colonists were told to house, feed, and care for the troops as they came. The act backfired in 1766 when 1,500 troops appeared in New York. The Provincial Assembly refused to obey the law, and refused to provide the soldiers with any alms. Because they refused, Parliament said they’d suspended New Yorks Governor and Legislature until 1769, but never carried it out. Soon after, the Assembly agreed to accumulate money to quarter the troops. After that, the Quartering act was avoided in all states except Pennsylvania. The Stamp act began in 1765 when George Grenville raised the taxes on most things in the American Colony. Initially he wanted to raise taxes in Britain, but that was out of the question because of the hostile reaction after the Cider Tax. So instead decided to raise tax on the new colony without asking their permission. The colonists responded immediately by debating in the colonial legislatures, creating mob crowds, tarring, and feathering. All in all, the colonists finally showed their displeasure for all the new laws through â€Å"The Boston Tea Party†. The Boston Tea Party was a political protest against the taxes. A group, named the â€Å"Sons of liberty†, came up with the idea to dress as Indians (which didn’t fool anyone) and toss all the crates of Tea that came in, into the harbor. The British Government responded harshly, and it grew into the American Revolution as we know it. In the end, the American Revolution got rid of increasing restrictions placed on the colonies from Britain. It’s estimated that only one-third of the colonists were in favor of rebellion, one-third sided with the British, and the last third were all neutral concerning the rebellion and break from Great Britain.

Concept Of Risk Management In Navy Management Essay

Concept Of Risk Management In Navy Management Essay The concept of risk management has been around the Navy since its inception. During the drawdown of the 1990s, the risk management concept was formalized into the Operational Risk Management (ORM) program. This structured approach was initiated to mitigate the risks associated with such a massive reorganization. Risk is inherent in all tasks, training, missions, operations, and in personal activities no matter how routine. The most common cause of task degradation or mission failure is human error, specifically the inability to consistently manage risk. ORM reduces or offsets risks by systematically identifying hazards and assessing and controlling the associated risks allowing decisions to be made that weigh risks against mission or task benefits. As professionals, Navy personnel are responsible for managing risk in all tasks while leaders at all levels are responsible for ensuring proper procedures are in place and that appropriate resources are available for their personnel to perform assigned tasks. The Navy vision is to develop an environment in which every officer, enlisted, or civilian person is trained and motivated to personally manage risk in everything they do This includes on- and off-duty evolutions in peacetime and during conflict, thereby enabling successful completion of any task and mission. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Integrate Safety and Risk Management into all on and off-duty evolutions to maximize mission readiness and to establish DON as an organization with world class safety where no mishap is accepted as the cost of doing businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Establish a risk management training continuum to ensure all DON personnel receive targeted [ORM] training and that all formal professional training courses are infused with examples of how effective risk management improves both safety and mission readiness. DON Objectives for FY 2008 and Beyond (9 Oct 07) Benefits of ORM Reduction of operational loss. Lower compliance/auditing costs. Early detection of unlawful activities. Reduced exposure to future risks. Table of Contents I. Statement of the Issue or Problem (1 page) II. Significance of the Issue / Problem Why the issue / problem is important to aviation human factors (1 page) III. Review of Relevant Research (include references to at least five aviation human factors journal articles and / or aviation human factors texts, such as those found in ebrary at the ERAU Hunt Library (5 pages) IV. Summary of Major Findings and Conclusions (1 page) V. Recommendations for future research to address the issue / problem (1 page) *********************What is ORM? The term Operational Risk Management (ORM) is defined as a continual cyclic process which includes risk assessment, risk decision making, and implementation of risk controls, which results in acceptance, mitigation, or avoidance of risk. ORM is the oversight of operational risk, including the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes and systems; human factors; or external events. +++++++++++++++++++++How The ORM process assists you in making smart and informed decisions. Actually, you apply ORM every day. At times, you may not even be aware of it as you carry out a task or mission. An example of this is as simple as crossing the street; you look both ways because you were taught this at a young age. However, today you dont even look at this as risk management, but something that you know is the right thing to do before crossing the street. Every Sailor has a role to play in managing risk during a commands task or mission, and every Sailor is vital to the success of the Navy team. Purpose The ORM process minimizes risks to acceptable levels, commensurate with task or mission accomplishment. Correct application of the ORM process will reduce losses and associated costs resulting in more efficient use of resources. Zero risk is not the intent of ORM. Goal The Goal of ORM is to develop an environment in which every officer, enlisted, or civilian person is trained and motivated to personally manage risk in everything they do; to manage risk and move forward to accomplish the mission while safeguarding our people and infrastructure. Risk management is a continuous process that is integral from the strategic level of planning through the tactical level and execution. It is a tool to help improve mission readiness and mission accomplishment. The figure shows the three levels of ORM defined primarily by time. There is no definitive separating line between the three levels (in-depth, deliberate, and time critical) represented by the transition in color flowing from one level to another as you approach the task or event. It is important to know we have resources to tap into. At each level of the planning process, hazards and associated risks are identified and appropriate controls are developed and implemented. These controls become resources upon which you can draw for the next level of planning and ultimately for execution. The ORM process is a systematic, continuous, and repeatable process that consists of five basic steps. Identify hazards Assess hazards Make risk decisions Implement controls Supervise (and watch for changes) The first two steps comprise the risk assessment portion of ORM and provide enhanced awareness and understanding of a given situation. This awareness builds confidence and allows for timely, efficient, and effective protective measures. The remaining three steps are the essential follow-through actions to either eliminate the hazard or mitigate the risks. Risk Assessment Matrix ORM Matrix Card ORM incorporates the following four principles: Accept Risk When Benefits Outweigh the Cost Accept No Unnecessary Risk Anticipate and Manage Risk by Planning Make Risk Decisions at the Right Level Accept Risk When Benefits Outweigh the Cost The process of weighing risks against the benefits and value of the mission or task helps to maximize success. Balancing costs and benefits can be a subjective process. Therefore, personnel with knowledge and experience of the mission or task must be engaged when making risk decisions. The goal of ORM is not to eliminate risk but to manage the risk so that the mission or task both on- and off-duty can be successful. The bottom line is, if no benefit can be achieved then do not take the risk. Accept No Unnecessary Risk Operational Naval Instruction (OPNAVINST) 3500.39 (series) states: If all detectable hazards have not been identified, then unnecessary risks are being accepted. Additionally, an unnecessary risk is any that, if taken, will not contribute meaningfully to mission or task accomplishment or will needlessly jeopardize personnel or material. The risk management process identifies hazards that might otherwise go unidentified and provides tools to reduce or offset risk. The acceptance of risk does not equate to the imprudent willingness to gamble. Take only risks that are necessary to accomplish the mission or task. Anticipate and Manage Risk by Planning Integrating risk management into planning as early as possible provides the greatest opportunity to make well-informed risk decisions and implement effective risk controls. This enhances the overall effectiveness of ORM and often reduces costs for your organization and yourself when off duty. Make Risk Decisions at the Right Level Anyone can make a risk decision. However, the appropriate decision maker is the individual who can eliminate or minimize the hazard, implement controls to reduce the risk, or accept the risk. Leaders at all levels must ensure that their personnel know how much risk they can accept and when to elevate the decision to a higher level. Ensuring that risk decisions are made at the appropriate level will establish clear accountability. Therefore, those accountable for the mission must be included in the risk management process. If the commander, leader, or individual responsible for executing the mission or task determines that the controls available to them will not reduce risk to an acceptable level, they must elevate the risk decisions to the next level in the chain of command. 3 LEVELS ========================================== The risk management process is applied on three levels: in-depth, deliberate, and time critical. The basic factor that differentiates each level is time; that is the amount of time available to dedicate to the preparation and planning of missions or tasks. Time Critical Risk Management (TCRM) Personnel know ORM. They develop plans and brief the crew on task procedures. However, we often fail to execute the plans as briefed. We do not manage change as it occurs, and those changes affect the original plans. Usually, the personnel injured during a task are those who were not involved in the original planning. Recent studies of the ORM process have found that personnel have a firm grasp of the In-Depth and Deliberate levels of ORM. Unfortunately, personnel fail to execute Time Critical Risk Management (TCRM) during tasks as events change. You are accustomed to the 5-step process during In-Depth and Deliberate ORM processes; however, realistically it is difficult to execute the 5-step process during the time critical level effectively. Therefore, we are introducing a new tool for the execution of TCRM. This tool will help you improve communication, handle change, and manage risk to ensure mission success. We are NOT eliminating the 5-step process rather, the five steps are incorporated into this new, easy-to-use tool. This model consists of various graphic representations for situational awareness (target), stacked blocks (resources), a swooping arrow (a return to good SA) and a four letter box mnemonic (ABCD) that will help you improve communication, handle change, and manage risk to ensure mission or task success. Its called the ABCD model. The ABCD mnemonic in the model is not a replacement for the 5-step ORM process or a different process of risk management, but it is the practical application of the 5-step process in a time-critical environment. Off-duty mishaps are extremely detrimental to the Navys operational capability. Because we are part of the Navy team 24/7, the actions we take off-duty can affect the readiness and operational capability of our commands mission or task, therefore affecting the Navy as a whole. Thus, we must constantly be aware of all risks involved in our everyday off-duty activities. ORM applies off-duty the same as on-duty. By consistently using the A-B-C-D loop in our individual activities, we can reduce the number of off-duty mishaps; thereby improving the Navys readiness and operational capabilities. These fewer mishaps will also allow individuals to meet personal and professional challenges now and in the future. Benefits of ORM Reduction of operational loss. Lower compliance/auditing costs. Early detection of unlawful activities. Reduced exposure to future risks. *****************Glossary of Terms ABCD The mneomic for the four actions of Time Critical Risk Management (TCRM). A-Assess the situation, B-Balance your resources, C-Communicate to others, D-Do and Debrief the event. Acceptable Risk The portion of identified risk that is allowed to persist during the mission or task. Additive Condition Refers to all items that compete for an individual or crews attention during the execution of a mission or task. Examples include; equipment malfunctions, change in weather, multiple players, unpredictable information, and change to the mission. Additive conditions may increase task loading or uncertainty and lead to distraction or channelized focus. Command (unit or organizational) ORM Integration Integrating ORM into the command relates to reviewing procedures, instructions, and processes; identifying hazards; and creating controls associated with those hazards Command ORM Manager Designated unit level individual, qualified in accordance with OPNAVINST 1500.75(series), who is responsible for implementing risk management principles, concepts, and policy within the unit. Consequential Error An error which leads to undesired consequences to property, personnel, or mission (e.g., mishap, personal injury, mission failure, etc.). Controls Actions taken or measures put in place to eliminate a hazard or reduce the associated identified risk. Some type of controls include engineering controls, administrative controls, and physical controls. Crew Factors Refers to human factors which affect the capabilities of the individual, crew, or team and can increase the potential for errors. This includes such things as attitudes, personalities, level of training, experience, fatigue, and physiological factors. CRM Crew Resource Management Exposure An expression that considers the frequency, length of time, and percentage of people or assests subjected to a hazard. Exposure is a component of risk, but not directly used to assign a level of risk. Rather, it is a consideration in determining probability and severity. Hazard Any real or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or death to personnel; damage to or loss of equipment or property; degradation of mission capability or impact to mission accomplishment; or damage to the environment. (Synonymous with the term threat.) Operational Analysis A chronological or sequential list of the major events or elements in a mission or task. This is the complete picture of what is expected to happen and assures all elements of a mission or task are evaluated for all potential hazards OPNAV Office of the Chief of Naval Operations OPORD Operation Order OPS Operations ORM Operational Risk Management Operational Risk Management A process that assists organizations and individuals in making informed risk decisions in order to reduce or offset risk; thereby increasing operational effectiveness and the probability of mission success. It is a systematic, cyclical process of identifying hazards and assessing and controlling the associated risks. The process is applicable across the spectrum of operations and tasks, both on and off duty. ORM Assistant Designated unit level individual who is a subject matter expert (SME) on ORM principles and concepts, qualified in accordance with OPNAVINST 1500.75(series), and supports the command ORM manager in implementing risk management within the unit. PHA Preliminary Hazard Analysis PPE Personal Protective Equipment PO Petty Officer PQS Personal Qualification Standard Preliminary Hazard Analysis A means to create an initial list of hazards that may exist in an operation, task, or mission. This builds on the operational analysis and entails listing hazards and associated causes. Probability A measure of the likelihood that a potential consequence will occur. RAC Risk Assessment Code Residual Risk Risk remaining after controls have been identified and selected. Resource Something that can be used to develop controls and includes time, money, people or equipment. With respect to Time Critical Risk Management (TCRM), a resource is something used to prevent errors, speed up decision making, or improve team coordination. Resources are typically developed as controls at the in-depth or deliberate levels of risk management. They are broadly grouped into the following categories: Policies, procedures and routines; checklists; automation; briefings and external resources; and knowledge, skills and techniques. Risk An expression of possible loss, adverse outcome, or negative consequences; such as injury or illness in terms of probability and severity. Risk Assessment A structured process to identify and assess hazards. An expression of potential harm, described in terms of severity, probability, and exposure to hazards. Accomplished in the first two steps of the ORM process. Risk Assessment Code An expression of the risk associated with a hazard that combines its severity and probability into a single Arabic numeral which can be used to help determine hazard abatement priorities. This is typically accomplished through the use of a risk assessment matrix. The basic RACs are: 1-Critical, 2-Serious, 3-Moderate, 4-Minor, and 5-Negligible. Risk Decision The decision to accept or not accept the risk(s) associated with an action; made by the commander, leader, or individual responsible for performing that action. Root cause Any basic underlying cause that was not in turn a result of more important underlying causes. Describes the depth in the causal chain where an intervention could reasonably be implemented to change performance and prevent an undesirable outcome. The analysis of a hazard may identify multiple causes; however applying controls to the root cause is ultimately more effective that merely addressing an intermediate cause. Severity An assessment of the potential consequence intensity that can occur as a result of exposure to a hazard and is defined by the degree of injury, illness, property damage, loss of asset (time, money, personnel) or mission or task impairing factors. When analyzing risk, it is based on the worst credible outcome. Situational Awareness (SA) Refers to the degree of accuracy by which ones perception of the current environment mirrors reality Task Loading The number of tasks to complete, given a set period of time. Higher task loading increases the potential for error. Task loading can be reduced by either reducing the number of tasks or taking more time. TCRM Time Critical Risk Management TFOM Training Figure of Merit Threat See hazard. With respect to ORM, threat and hazard are considered synomynous. TORIS Training and Operational Readiness Information Services TRACS Total Risk Assessment and Control System Unacceptable Risk The risk when measured versus the benefit or value of the mission or task that cannot be tolerated and must be eliminated or controled. What If Tool A means of thinking about what may go wrong and stating it as a question beginning with the phraseWhat if? This method is most useful for personnel who are actually involved in the operation being analyzed and adds insight to some of the more significant hazards identified with the preliminary hazard analysis (PHA). WIT What IF tool

Ordinary Men :: essays research papers

Should The Policemen be put on Trial?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I personally believe that the policemen in Reserve Police Battalion 101 should be placed on trial for murder. The first chapter of the book states that Trapp explained the men what they had to do, he offered any of the older men among them to leave the mission if they decided that they did not want to carry out with it. That is what I feel is the main argument here. They were given the option to leave, and those who did not leave, and killed the Jews in Jozefow should be put on trial for murder. They pulled the trigger, and nobody forced them to do it. Yes, you can argue that they were orders, and they did not want to look like cowards in front of their comrades, but what they are dealing with is murder. That should be enough of a reason not to do it. To kill not only one person, but over a thousand people so that you do not look like a coward in front of your comrades is a very pathetic thing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other side of the coin, we have the thought that they should be placed on trial because they committed murder to unarmed civilians, and most of the men did not take up the offer to withdraw from the mission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These German soldiers were to take â€Å"The male Jews of working age were to be separated and taken to a work camp. The remaining Jews-the women, children, and elderly-were to be shot on the spot by the Battalion†(Browning 2). The men in this battalion were to round up all of these Jews, lie them down, and shoot each and every one in the back of the neck. That is murder. They did this because the Jews had instigated the American boycott that had damaged Germany. I do not think that killing thousands of them is the best way to resolve this issue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many Jews were taken to killing graves, and they began at the last row of the barracks. They would make them undress, and then they would put them into killing graves. Heinrich Bocholt gave a very descriptive account of what he saw. â€Å"Behind each shooter stood several other SD men who constantly kept the magazines of the submachine guns full and handed them to the shooter. I definitely remember that the naked Jews were driven directly into graves and forced to lie down quite precisely on top of those who had been shot before them.

Affirmative Action: a Permanent Approach Essay example -- Essays Paper

Affirmative Action: a Permanent Approach One of the hottest debates in recent history has been the validity of a Civil Rights policy called affirmative action. The policy proposes â€Å"preferential treatment† to certain groups based on their minority status, giving them an advantage in job employment and some areas of education. The question asked most often is whether it is constitutional to give advantages to certain groups, excluding some, based solely on their race or ethnicity. It is up to our legal system to use â€Å"strict scrutiny,† or consideration from every standpoint, to assess the issue, which is â€Å"a cost-benefit test measuring whether a law that falls (according to the Court itself) squarely within the prohibition of the equal protection guarantee is justified by the [e]specially important social gains that it will achieve† (Rubenfeld, 1997.) Some claim that it will achieve justice, while others think that it promotes forms of discrimination and further separates our society into racial groups. I intend to outline a compromise between the opposing sides, the main goal of which is to utilize justice and equality in coming to a solution that includes every point of view. I feel that this is necessary because minorities in America are underprivileged, and for that reason some measures need to be taken, specifically in education, to induce social equalization. On one side of the controversy, many groups feel that affirmative action â€Å"may be the first instance in our jurisprudence of a constitutional doctrine unconstitutional under itself,† or that affirmative action is a constitutional document that is unconstitutional because it discriminates against a certain group of people, namely white males. These groups clai... ...er 10). Diversity in the workplace. The CQ Researcher Online, 7. http://0-library.cqpress.com.bianca.penlib.du.edu:80/cqresearcher. Jost, Kenneth. (2001, September 21). Affirmative action. The CQ Researcher Online, 11, 737-760. http://0-library.cqpress.com.bianca.penlib.du.edu:80/cqresearcher. Masci, D. (1998, January 23). The black middle class. The CQ Researcher Online, 8. http://0-library.cqpress.com.bianca.penlib.du.edu:80/cqresearcher. Rubenfeld, Jed. "Affirmative Action," Yale Law Journal 107.2 (1997), Questia, 5 Mar. 2004 <http://www.questia.com/>. Stroud, Sarah. "The Aim of Affirmative Action," Social Theory and Practice 25.3 (1999): 385, Questia, 5 Mar. 2004 <http://www.questia.com/>. Worsnop, Richard. (1996, February 23). Getting into college. The CQ Researcher Online. http://0-library.cqpress.com.bianca.penlib.du.edu:80/cqresearcher.

Free Great Gatsby Essays: A Very Insecure Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Very Insecure Great Gatsby  Ã‚   In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby many characters are not as they seem.   The one character that intrigues me the most is James Gatsby.   In the story Gatsby is always thought of as rich, confident, and very popular.   However, when I paint a picture of him in my mind I see someone very different.   In fact, I see the opposite of what everyone portrays him to be.   I see someone who has very little confidence and who tries to fit in the best he can.   There are several scenes in which this observation is very obvious to me.   It is clear that Gatsby is not the man that everyone claims he is.    One scene that clearly shows the true Gatsby is when he meets Daisy at Nicks house.   He is very nervous and wants everything to be perfect for Daisy.   To me that shows he is really hung up on what other people think.   He wants to impress them the best he can.   Obviously Gatsby has little confidence and feels he needs to overwhelm people with appearance opposed to his personality. When Gatsby and Nick go out on the town Gatsby took his yellow Rolls Royce, which is a magnificent car.   Gatsby wanted to impress Nick and everyone else in town with his awesome car.   Once again this shows how Gatsby uses objects to get attention and not his personality. The scene that displays Gatsby’s  low confidence the most is when he has his elaborate parties with all of the fancy decorations and incredible food.   So many people come to his parties and the whole time he is never present.   He never comes down to greet anyone or welcome them.   He never comes down to check on his guests to see how things are going and if they are having a good time.   Gatsby always spends time in a room by himself watching everyone.   He waits, hoping Daisy will appear. Gatsby is built up to be a big man.   He is thought of as extremely wealthy and good looking with lots of confidence.

To What Extent Was the Constitution a Radical Departure from the Articles of Confederation

Question: To what extent was the Constitution a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation? Thesis: Due to the fact that the Articles of Confederation were causing problems, the U. S. adopted the Constitution that solved the problems in the weak government including no executive control and no way to levy or collect taxes. I. On example of how the Constitution differed from the Articles of Confederation is the setup of their government a. Houses in Congress i. Articles of Confederation of 1777 had one-house congress 1.Weak government a. When the government was created, people were afraid of a strong government like England had. The government became very weak because of that. i. No executive branch; no president/leader 1. Colonists were afraid of the president turning into a king. 2. After Shay’s Rebellion and other rebellions, people realized that they needed someone to govern them. a. Shays rebellion was a rebellion caused by the government forcing people to go to jail if they were in debt b. ,000 men marched to Worcester where they closed down the commonwealth’s Supreme Court and then marched to Springfield where they broke in and freed imprisoned debtors. c. Massachusetts asked Congress for help but legally, there was not much Congress to do to relieve them. Noting, a greater authority in the central government is necessary ii. No judiciary; no courts iii. ALL power went to legislative b. Government couldn’t tax the states or individuals iv. Individuals were still only subject to their states and hadn’t had an interest in a national government c.Thomas Paine’s Common Sense v. Widely read, Paine argued how it never did any good for Americans to be subjects under a King and how they are strong enough to create an independent republic. ii. Constitution 2. Constitutional Convention in 1787 in Philadelphia was where people met to start creating and drafting a constitution d. After Shay’s Rebellion, it was notic ed that a strong central government was needed e. America was in debt after the war, we needed someone in charge to clear up the debt. i. Taxation is now allowed in the Constitution but taxation was not allowed under the Articles of Confederation. 3. Strong government f. Could tax individuals vii. Individuals were now subject to their state government as well as the national government viii. Taxes were enforced 3. Helped pay off war debt g. Checks and balances ix. Representation in Congress 4. Great Compromise d. Exactly 2 Senators from each state were chosen (in favor of the smaller states- equal representation) e.House of Representatives from each state were chosen based upon population (in favor of smaller states- population) x. Branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) 5. They were separate, and each checked on the other branch to make sure it is running efficiently Conclusion: The Constitution was created to fix the governmental problems that the Articles of Confederation failed to do. It was essential for the U. S. to depart from the Articles of Confederation because of the weak government it had created, there was no executive branch/leader, and Legislature was prohibited to levy or collect taxes.

Aids Attitudes Among Pharmacy Students Health And Social Care Essay

Ever since the first instance of HIV was recognized in 1981, HIV has spread across the continents to acknowledge itself as the most ambitious disease to command. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) is described as ‘pandemic ‘ of twenty-first century and Fiji island has non been able to salvage itself from it. As of February 2009, there were 294 confirmed instances of HIV positive patients but no study of how many developed into AIDS was provided. Compared to international figure of instances, Fiji was ranked 137 with prevalence of 0.1 % ( ref ) . In Fiji, AIDS represents a status which will take to decease and can be easy be transmitted. Despite wellness publicity and consciousness by Ministry of wellness ( Fiji ) , public position AIDS with a degratory attitude which non merely affects peoples perceptual experience, but besides patients undergoing HIV intervention. Health attention professionals play a critical function in direction of AIDS patient and understand ing their attitude towards AIDS patient is of major concern. Pharmacist being the supplier of pharmaceutical attention, it must be presumed that attitude of a druggist should be of no prejudice or bias as they are supplying attention to a patient. Although druggists in retail and public sector trade with HIV patients on day-to-day footing, there is deficiency of literature quantifying attitude of druggist or pharmaceutics pupils towards AIDS. Therefore, purpose of this research is to analyze attitude towards AIDS among pharmacy pupils at Fiji School of Medicine. Furthermore, bulk of the pharmaceutics pupils in south Pacific are trained at Fiji School of Medicine ( FSM, now Fiji National University, College of Health scientific discipline ) . Pharmacy pupils are selected for this research because finally they will be called for attention of AIDS or related upsets after they finished their programme. Hence, this survey will assist to implement any policy alterations that may be needed to incorporate amongst pharmaceutics pupils through agencies of wellness publicity and instruction through course of study.BackgroundSocial sigma towards AIDS patient has been of major concern in South Pacific and it has shown to impact direction and attitude of patient towards intervention harmonizing to survey conducted by Pacific Islands AIDS foundation. Problem of sigma non merely exist in Fiji, but besides in states around the Earth. In 1987, World Health Organisation ( WHO ) classified AIDS epidermics in three stage which included the epidemic of HIV, the epidemic of AIDS, and the epidemic of stigma, favoritism, and denial. The last portion is the most hard of AIDS epiderminc. Harmonizing to Peter Piot, executive manager of UNAIDS found AIDS related sigma is the most ‘continuing challenge ‘ that seems to be impacting the universe. Furthermore, deficiency of methodological tools and research in AIDS related sigma composite and diverse. The most successful method used to prove attitude was developed by in Health Psychology diary and was subsequently validated in 1997. It was named AIDS Attitude Scale ( AAS ) which contained 15 points carefully selected through their research and was farther subdivide into 3 subscales viz. Fear of contagious disease, Professional opposition and negative emotions. To forestall any societal desirable replies by participants, points from Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability ( ref ) was interspersed with the points. Due to ever-increased demand for pharmaceutical attention, more druggists are to be expected in clinical direction of patients. Therefore, it becomes of import to analyze attitude of pharmaceutics pupils towards diseases peculiarly socially sensitive AIDS. Harmonizing to analyze done by Edward Krupat, pharmaceutics pupils showed negative attitude towards AIDS patient on contagious disease, emotion and professional opposition graduated tables which besides recommended alteration in instruction programme in the course of study. However, no surveies of such nature has non been done on pharmaceutics pupils in Fiji. It would be interesting to analyze attitude and associate it to independent variables such as gender and age and happen if any association exists.MethodologyStudy DesignDescriptive survey. Study will besides seek to associate variables which may be related with positive and negative attitude towards people with AIDS.Study area/settingFiji School of MedicineSurvey ParticipantsP harmacy pupils from old ages 1 – 4 enrolled in Bachelors of Pharmacy or Diploma in Pharmacy programme in twelvemonth 2011.Sample SizeApproximately 80 – 100. Sample size may change as it is unknown how many pupils will come in twelvemonth 1 in 2011 and those who may go out pharmaceutics programme.Sampling techniqueStratified sampling will be used because common feature of the samples will be pupils who will be enrolled in Bachelors in Pharmacy or Diploma in Pharmacy programme in 2011.Data ManagementData aggregation instruments, techniques and programAIDS Attitude Scale ( AAS ) will be used to mensurate attitude of pharmaceutics pupils towards AIDS. It is a 15 point instrument developed for medical and nursing pupils by for mensurating attitude towards AIDS. ASS has been successfully used in assorted researches to mensurate attitude and has been dependable and there has non been any surveies conclusive to picture uncertainness in ASS. For this research, AAS will be conve rted into a signifier of ego administered questionnaire and distributed to pharmaceutics pupils.Datas EntryData will be enter into SPSS.Data analysis/Design of analysis signifierResponses from 1-3 will be categorized to bespeak dissension with each of the 15 points. Similarity, responses from 4-6 will be categorized to bespeak understanding with each of the 15 points.Statistical methods/analysisCategorized informations ( i.e. dissension and understanding ) will be calculated of its per centum, against each 15 points in the undermentioned table format. Items N n= disagree n=agreeContagion SubscaleAids makes my occupation a high hazard business Despite all I know about how AIDS is transmitted. I ‘m still afraid of catching it. I would non desire my kid to travel to school with a kid with AIDS I would be willing to eat in a eating house where I know the chef has AIDS Even following rigorous infection control step, it is likely that I would go septic with HIV, if I were working with AIDS patients over a long period of clipProfessional Resistance SubscaleI would instead work with a better category of people than AIDS patients I would prefer to mention individuals with AIDS to my professional co-workers Given a pick. I would prefer non to work with AIDS patients I would see altering my professional specialty/position if it became necessary to work with AIDS patients It is best to develop a few specializers who would be responsible for the intervention of AIDS patients I do n't desire those at higher hazard for AIDS such as IV drug users and homophiles, as patientsNegative Emotions SubscaleI sometimes find it difficult to be sympathetic to AIDS patients I would experience resentful if AIDS patients accounted for a important portion of my caseload I frequently have tender, concerned feelings for people with AIDS I feel angry about the hazard of AIDS which homophiles have imposed on the consecutive community a ) Dependability of the graduated table will be tested by calculating Cronbach ‘s alpha and listed in the undermentioned tabular arrayDependability StatisticssCronbach ‘s Alpha N of Items .022 4 Second portion of analysis will be Pearson ‘s Chi squared trial to analyze any association between Contagion, Professional Resistance and negative emotions subscale against gender or twelvemonth of the pupil.AppendixI. Questionnaire

Music Baritone Sax

The History of the baritone saxophone was very interesting to research giving that I have played this beautiful instrument for 4 years. Finding a little more about the history of this beautiful instrument was a very interesting time. The baritone saxophone features a low pitch. It is a single reed instrument that is made from brass and has a tapered conical bore. Despite the baritone's low pitch, its music is written in treble clef instead of bass clef. In modern music, the baritone saxophone is usually the largest sax featured in contemporary ensembles alongside its more common cousins, the alto and the tenor saxophone.The saxophone was invented in 1841 by Belgian manufacturer and instrument maker Adolphe Sax. His intent was to create a new instrument that would fill the gap between the loud woodwinds and the brass instruments. In 1844, Sax introduced his saxophone to the public during the Paris Industrial Exhibition. In February of that year, Berlioz conducted a concert that perfor med his choral work, â€Å"Chant Sacre,† which featured segments that included the new saxophone. Near the end of 1844, the saxophone enjoyed a successful orchestra debut in Georges Kastner's opera â€Å"Last King of Juda† at the Paris Conservatory.Adolphe Sax obtained his original patents in 1846 for the baritone variation of the saxophone along with thirteen of its cousins, including the tenor, bass, alto, contrabass and sopranino saxophones. The following year, the first saxophone school was opened at the Gymnase Musical, a military band school. Ten years later, Adolphe Sax wanted to share his love and knowledge of music, so he took on a professorship at the Paris Conservatory. â€Å"Also, in 1866, Sax's patents expired, leaving the way open for the Millereau Co. o obtain patents for their own variation of the saxophone that featured a forked F sharp key†. In 1881, Adolphe Sax extended his patent for the baritone sax and other variations, and made changes to the design of the instruments. In response to its growing popularity, Gus Buesher was the first person in the United States to build a saxophone in 1885. Over the next few years, the baritone and other variations underwent more design changes, â€Å"such as the addition of the right hand C trill key and the invention of the single octave key†.Adolphe Sax died in 1894, but his legacy lived on when his son, Adolphe Edouard, continued his life's work. During the 1900s, the baritone saxophone enjoyed increasing popularity, and was incorporated into Jazz bands and other musical formats. It was also used in classical compositions, but rarely for orchestral music. Notable orchestral exceptions include Richard Strauss's â€Å"Symphonia Domestica† of 1903 and Charles Ives's â€Å"Symphony no. 4,† composed from 1910 through 1916. Famous musicians who played the baritone sax include Harry Carney, Pepper Adams, Valentin Alvarez, Bruce Kapler, Lou Marini and LeRoi Moore. â⠂¬  In conclusion the Baritone Sax is a beautiful instrument that should be appreciated. Giving such a beautiful tone. By far the baritone sax is my favourite saxophone giving it shape, color, quality of tone and pitch, and allowing a player to have the control to play with dynamics. I hope you have learned alittle more about my instrument thank you.

The Science Behind The Desalination Process Environmental Sciences Essay

Desalination is the procedure of taking salt from salty H2O to do it suited for imbibing or for usage by industries that require really pure H2O. ( Water Corporation Australia, 2011 ) Desalination workss are normally located near sea or ocean as most desalinization workss get the salty H2O from the sea and ocean. There are many ways of taking the salt from H2O but the chief 3 procedures are: Electrodialysis, Thermal distillment and Reverse osmosis. Electrodialysis Salts dissolved in H2O are ionic which mean they can be either be positively charged ions or negatively charged ions. When an electrical charged is passed through the H2O so â€Å" opposites attract † happens the salt ions will travel toward the antonym charged for illustration a positively charged salt ion will travel toward a negative charge, a negatively charged salt ion will travel toward the positively charge. Once the salt ions have move towards the antonym charged you will hold separated salt from H2O. A membrane is used to divide the purified H2O and salt ions. Thermal distillment The procedure in which salt H2O from the sea or ocean is heated to bring forth steam, so the steam will be condensed on a cold surface and H2O will be left behind. Rearward Osmosis Rearward Osmosis is uses a really high force per unit area and a really all right membrane to roll up the fresh H2O from the salty H2O. The membrane is like a strainer it has holes on the strainer which the holes are merely little plenty to let H2O eyeglasss pass through but non allow salt eyeglasss and other drosss to go through though the membrane Electrodialysis Rearward OsmosisBenefitsThe benefits of desalinization are that you can easy happen the resource, 97 % of the H2O is in ocean and sea and all of that is salt H2O which means that companies and authoritiess can construct desalinization workss and can be certain that the desalinization works will acquire a changeless supply of H2O. For illustration a Government decides to construct a desalinization works and they locate the works merely off shore from the major metropolis, they have a pipe connected to the major metropolis and they turn the desalinization works on H2O is now being filtered by the procedure contrary osmosis all of a sudden you have merely created another really sustainable H2O supply for you metropolis and you have reduced the sum of H2O that needs to be extracted from the chief river. Another benefit of constructing a desalinization works is that the H2O is besides really clean after the filtering and does non necessitate external 3rd party cleansing which river H2O do es. When the desalinization works finished the procedure of filtrating out the salt from the seawater the H2O is really pure so it does non necessitate to travel through extra cleansing, the filtered H2O from the desalinization works may merely necessitate Cl to be added to the H2O and it would be absolutely potable and clean and pure and it would be more cost effectual merely to make all the procedure, filtrating salt and so adding Cl to filtered H2O all in the one desalinization works. Another benefit is that desalinization is more â€Å" socially † accepted than effluent recycling ( Which is H2O from lavatories, cloacas etc ) authoritiess would be much more successful seeking to sell desalinization to the populace than seeking to sell recycled H2O from your lavatories.DisadvantagesDesalination workss are really inefficient and research suggest that if a desalinization works pumps in 500million litres of H2O and so filtrate that 500litres so 250million litres would be pure H2O and the other 250million litres would be salt and drosss which so is pumped back into sea or ocean merely job being that salt and drosss is twice the dressed ore of salt than seawater which means when the following burden of H2O comes in it will be more concentrated than the burden before which mean the desalinization it would be more salt than H2O so the efficiency of the desalinization workss goes down even more. Another downside of a desalinization works is that it uses a batch of energy to power the works which means that it is consuming our energy resources which is already on a strain so fundamentally they are seeking to repair the H2O crisis but making more quandary for the nursery effects and planetary heating issue. But being run on electricity is another issue what happens if they metropolis all of a sudden had a black out, even though the desalinization works may hold backup generators they wo n't be able to keep a power for a works every bit large as a desalinization works, so if we had a power blackout would that average half of the metropolis H2O supply is gone or if we rely entirely on the desalinization works it would intend that the whole metropolis H2O supply is gone which would be really troublesome for the metropolis. Another disadvantage is that â€Å" nil is perfect † no affair how perfect the engineering is it non hone and if something all of a sudden goes incorrect say in rearward osmosis the membrane is excessively big and salt and drosss manage to go through through it would non merely endanger the occupant of metropolis its supply H2O but cause a batch of people to be ill or even dices.Social effects of desalinizationPeoples can still be really disbelieving about imbibing H2O from the sea or ocean even though scientist and applied scientists of the desalinization works says the H2O is absolutely safe, there is ever on the dorsum of your head, what if some went incorrect and they H2O is non wholly pure? Would you desire to give that H2O to your kids, your babe, and your aged parents? With desalinization there is ever that thought that it is non wholly clean, it ‘s truly salt H2O filtered a twosome of clip to acquire pure H2O. Which is turn affects us socially because that it ever traveling to be a difficult sell for authoritiess to state to their occupants that this H2O is absolutely clean.Economic effects of desalinizationDesalination workss are really expensive and they money has to come from someplace so revenue enhancement remunerators end up paying for the desalinization works which obviously makes it even a harder sell for authoritiess, now non merely you have a H2O supply which is less dependable and possible less pure than fresh river H2O you have to pay for this less dependable and less pure beginning of H2O. They H2O measures will hold to travel up every bit good non merely will they charged a levy to pay for the desalinization works they will do you pay excess to subsidies the cost of running the works ( Electricity, paying staff etc )Environmental effects of desalinizationWhen you build a desalinization works merely of shore you besides could perchance interrupt the natural home ground of certain animate beings like fish or they would hold to clear land and which means they will pass over certain types of creates out of their natural home ground which is non ideal, you killing of species and damaging the land. As mentioned before desalinization workss use a batch of power so it will consume fossil fuels and add the turning job of nurseries gas and planetary heating and C emanations as good.DecisionDesalination is a really feasible and realistic solution for H2O direction, it can work out the H2O crisis presently is seem like desalinization is the best alternate solution for H2O in many major metropoliss around the word as it easier accessible engineering is instead mature downside being its really inefficient and cost a batch of money and uses a batch of power. But their possibly better or every bit good solution out at that place instead than desalinization like waste/storm H2O recycling which is a effectual manner of supplying a secondary H2O supply but with societal effects which people non wishing the fact they are re imbibing their lavatory H2O. A more feasible solution possibly is rainwater reaping in which persons can roll up rainwater and utilize it for their demand which major societal or economical affect merely job being that you can truly merely collect rainwater when it rains hence is atrocious inefficient and non dependable. So in stating all of that, Desalination is the best technique to work out our H2O crisis.

Public Speaking Review

Public speaking is an essential tool that all students, more specifically communication studies majors, must learn and become familiar with. Learning how to be an influential public speaker can be the key difference to either succeeding or failing, in school, work, at home, and/or in your community. It Is no surprise that public speaking would be a requirement for a communication studies major at LULUS. There are a multitude of careers that a student pursuing a major in communication studies could aim for, it all depends on the person; however they are going to need public speaking in whichever career path they are aiming for.This course is designed to help build individuals' personal and professional confidence, success, and understanding of public speaking. Through the development of confidence, success, and understanding, the student develops the ability to present Information logically, advocate Ideas In an open mindset of civic discourse, and critically distinguish among differe nt opinions, all which represent necessary skills for personal and professional enrichment in the area of public communication. Through experiences within public speaking o develop a sense of self-worth and self-confidence that one might have not known they had to begin with.Developing an understanding of how crucial public speaking Is vital to one who Is studying communication studies. Understanding the art of persuasion and Its connection with public speaking is of utmost importance when interpreting the public speaking course. Aristotle once said, â€Å"speech which fails to convey a plain meaning will fail to do Just what speech has to do. â€Å"(Hosteller ; Kohl) The concept of clarity is important in a persuasive speech because it is the orator's spontaneously to clarify for the audience the topic being advocated and what they need to do to take action.A persuasive speech should cover a controversial topic that a portion of the audience has a view different than the orator. The goal of a persuasive speech is to modify the audiences' beliefs, attitudes, and/or behavior by the use of quality evidence, reasoning, and ethical emotional appeals. Persuading others is particularly important In our everyday lives, often one is called on to convince, motivate, or persuade others to change their beliefs, take an action, or Many people pursue careers that giving recursive speech is a critical part of gaining and continuing career success.Some individuals make careers out of public speaking, to various groups who pay to listen to them, such as, motivational speakers, authors or even pastors. Yearly, these speakers make millions of dollars from people who simply want to be motivated to do better in their every day lives. Nonetheless, persuading others is a challenging task in public speaking. By developing the skill to persuade effectively, he or she will see it as personally and professionally rewarding because it is not an easy thing that Just anyone can do. Info rmative speaking is one of the most common types of public speaking.Every day people give others information in an informal way, whether they realize it or not, for example showing a coworker how to count the money in the drawer. Information plays a vital role in our every day lives. The main goal of an informative speech is to share with the audience knowledge about a subject or teach them more about a subject they are already familiar with. There are a variety of different reasons to deliver an informative speech, such as sharing with classmates about expertise on traveling abroad, or a local community roof might want to hear about a volunteer experience enjoyed over the summer.During the course of ones career and in their personal life, informative speaking will be used. Informative speeches provide people with knowledge, when other people share facts or circumstances associated with some sort of topic; our understanding or awareness is increased. Through an informative speech, o ur perceptions are shaped, by bringing how a person might see a certain subject and bringing it to light, or might influence what is seen as important by simply directing attention to the topic. Information helps us shape who we are, interpret experiences, and gives us meaning to situations.

Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Death Penalty - Essay Example The truth is that when you for the right crimes the death penalty is a deterrent. But more than that, the death penalty is society’s ultimate sanction against those who commit the most heinous crimes. Its elimination is called for by people who in a general sense would tend to see criminals as victims, and refuse to actually see victims of crime at all. When you eliminate the ultimate price from the criminal justice system you simply are left with a bunch of sentencing requirement which varies only in tiny degrees: there is no way to express heartfelt anguish or outrage at a crime. Why the death penalty should continue in its present form is the subject of this essay. The death penalty is a deterrent to crime. Famous critics believe so (Mappes, 2007, 107). The reason why statistics may not always show this to be true—and are so open to misuse and manipulation by death penalty opponents is many homicides are not the first degree and do not involve a lot of premeditation. Many are caused by negligence or happen on the spur of the moment. For these sorts of crimes, capital punishment won’t be much of deterrence—and this fact will be reflected in the so-called statistics. But then again no public policy will provide much of deterrence for crimes that do not involve intention or are carried out on the spur of the moment. Indeed, I don’t believe there is much of a correlation between crime rates and the death penalty, to begin with. Murder is only a very small portion of crime statistics, and only a very small portion of murder would be deterred.

Critical Discussion Papers 6088 Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical Discussion Papers 6088 - Dissertation Example Second, this type of learning approach is also modifiable, as it can be augmented by both sophisticated (photonic wands) and simple (drawings and pictures) communicative supports, allowing a differentiated learning experience based on the initial individual abilities of the students. In addition, this approach is apt for heterogeneous classes, which is usually the case, because they provide high quantity and quality communicative interactions. In the study of Arthur-Kelly et al. (2008) observing classes with disabled students, spontaneous interactive communication in heterogeneous classes occurred 17% of the time, as opposed to 4% in special classes composed of disabled students only. It was likewise observed that communication among disabled students and peers without disability is the best social forum for simple communication tasks such as turn-taking, greeting and requesting. However, as Arthur-Kelly et al. (2010) as well as Maheady and Gard (2010) suggested, the downside of coop erative learning and peer tutoring is that it relies heavily on the response of the students on the interactive set-up of learning. In teaching disabled students, for example, the partner without disabilities should be sensitive to the needs of their more-challenged counterpart. The understanding and acceptance of what is given communicatively is central to the effectiveness of the teaching approach. Thus, cooperative learning and peer tutoring, as they are currently used, are impossible to standardize. Students may thus receive different levels of information, depending on how much they can process. In the future, studies may look into means of standardizing the information received by all the students. One way this can be done is alternating between big class discussions and small group or paired discussions so that the information shared in between partners are also shared to the whole class. Developing teacher intuition, reflection and responsiveness may be one of the ways by wh ich standardization can be achieved. In addition, The extensive use of augmentative and alternative communication resources may also be looked into for the improvement of the quantity of knowledge and skills built up through this learning approach. Title: The Impractical Research-Based Teaching Practices There are reasons already recognized why implementation of research practices in real-life setting cannot be done over long periods of time (Mastropieri and Scroogs, 1998). One of the most common causes pointed at is that the methods used by research studies do not reflect the true classroom setting. In addition, researchers use curriculum-based measurements to draw their conclusions regarding the effectiveness of their approach, when in fact teachers observe attitudinal and behavioral changes in students to assess the effectiveness of their teaching method. Previous studies have also suggested that teacher individualism is compromised by these research-based practices. As such, tea chers are reluctant in adapting them for effective teaching. In addition, researchers do not properly train the teachers of the methods they deem beneficial for teaching. They also fail to communicate with the teachers in developing novel teaching approaches. Thus, problems such as the narrow or overly broad scope of some of the most common research-based teaching approache

Contemporary Supply Chain Management and Consultancy management Essay

Contemporary Supply Chain Management and Consultancy management techniques - Essay Example This helps these businesses to achieve maximum efficiency because they worry less about these aspects of business because they focus more on adding value to their customers. In order for a business to reap the benefits of supply chain management, it is important for a business to identify suppliers that are able to deliver value as intended meaning that the process of seeking suppliers has to be a rigorous one. Many businesses have to come to understand the potential that supply chain management (SCM) has to their operations because when implemented effectively can help them in achieving competitive advantage in the markets that they exist in (Monczka, Handfield, Giunipero & Patterson 2015, 349). The concept of SCM has gained popularity because business entities developed a keen eye on delivering quality to the markets they serve and also based on the need to manage the materials that are used in product developed. Also the need to manage logistics as a way of creating value for the customers being served by a business has further propelled the inclusion of SCM as part of business operations. Based on this overview, this essay will focus on influencing understanding and application of appropriate management frameworks that can be essential in the planning and control of goods and services by having the aspects of quality, quantity and cost analysis in mind. Further, the paper will also seek to create an understanding of the tools and techniques that exists that can help in achieving efficiency in the supply chain managerial decision making under supply chain management. In relation to consultancy management techniques, the essay will identify data and information sources that are relevant to the decision making process and also analyze this information so as to support the decision making process. Further, emphasis will be on communicating the

Mr. Ps Case Study Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mr. Ps Case Study Solution - Essay Example As the report stresses  the primary objective being treatment of the patient is important for the patient and his wife to comply with the prescribed medication with the help of an outpatient’s nurse supervision. The medications include ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers, which will improve the health of the patient by stabilizing the patient for more therapeutic measures.This discussion declares that  most patients suffering from CHF diseases are adamant to undertake medication while in hospitals since they pray for their demise. Mr. P’s condition is similar, thus there is need for the patient to receive home care from his wife or the wife may hire a caregiver. The home care will involve contacting the nurse daily after referral and a weekly outpatient nurse’s visit to ensure the patient is in good condition. The patient and the caregiver should be educated on the various ways to improve the health of the patient and the consequences of failure to oblige with t he medication plan. Psychological education is important to ensure that the patient and the caregiver learn to accept the disease. The caregiver will acknowledge the essence of keeping constant communication and trust with the patient that will reduce the pain experienced due to depression and despair.  The patient will learn to become friendlier with the caregiver thus building a bond that will enable decision making easier for both parties and solve depression issues. The caregiver will learn the importance of trusting the patient on some decision making to enhance the patient feeling valuable.

Graphs for Dirt Bikes sales history from 2008 to 2012 Assignment

Graphs for Dirt Bikes sales history from 2008 to 2012 - Assignment Example Have international sales grown relative to domestic sales? There is not growth in international sales with respect to domestic sales. Are sales (revenues) growing steadily, and if so, at what rate? PERIOD 2010/2011 2011/2012 Year I sales 64063 60144 Year II sales 61529 64063 Sales Growth rate 1.0412 0.9388 There is not steady growth rate. For example, in the period 2010/2011 there was a growth rate of 1.0412 whereas in the period 2011/2012, there was a decline in sales. What is the cost of goods sold compared to revenue? Cost of Goods sold vs. Sales (in ‘000) Cost of goods sold compared to revenue = Cost of Goods Sold Sales YEAR 2010 2011 2012 Cost of goods sold 41072 43155 45835 Sales 61529 64063 60144 Cost of goods sold/sales 0.6675 0.6736 0.7621 Is the cost of goods sold compared to revenue (sales) increasing or decreasing? The cost of goods sold compared to revenues is increasing across the years. Are the firm’s operating expens es increasing or decreasing? Both the gross and net margins for the firm are decreasing across the years. Total Assets vs. Total Liabilities (in ‘000) Is the firm heavily in debt? No! The company is not in heavy debt as total assets throughout the years are more than total liabilities. Does the firm have assets to pay for expenses and to finance the development of new products and information systems? Total Current Assets vs. Current Liabilities (in ‘000) Yes! The company has assets capable of paying expenses as well as financing the development of new products and information system. This is so because current assets are more than current liabilities throughout the years. Work Cited Parr, Danny. Dirt Bikes. Minnetonka: Capstone High Interest [Imprint], 2001. Print.

Marketing in construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Marketing in construction - Essay Example (2001) it is revealed that ‘marketing implementation emerges as an organizations adaptive response to day-to-day market events that is rarely scripted by plans’ (Sashittal et al., 2001, 50). In other words, the influence of the organizational environment – both external and internal - on a firm’s marketing plans can be significant. The ability of a firm to respond to the needs of its market depends on a series of factors, like the employees’ skills, the funds and the technology available as well as the position of the competitors. The needs and the characteristics of the industrial sector in which a firm operates are also likely to have an important role when having to choose among the marketing policies that will be used by a particular firm. Current paper focuses on the marketing plans used by Bellway plc, a firm operating in the British construction industry. Currently, the number of firms operating in the British construction industry has been estimated to 250000. In order to understand the effectiveness of marketing policies used in the specific industry it is necessary to describe the characteristics of this sector. In accordance with a report published by the Department for Business Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (2009) the construction industry ‘embraces the construction materials and products; suppliers and producers; building services manufacturers, providers and installers; contractors, sub-contractors, professionals, advisors and construction clients and those organisations that are relevant to the design, build, operation and refurbishment of buildings’ (BERR, 2009, online article). In the construction industry there are specific standards that need to be met by marketers being involved in a specific marketing plan: a) the effects of its method/ material on the environment must be thoroughly examined in advance, b) the quality of the work is of high importance – the building under construction has to